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ketones.fyi

Editorial policy

The source of every number on ketones.fyi and the way it is checked are set out here.

One source for numbers

One model is read by tools, tables and pages, so a level on a chart is what the checker reports.

The studies the model rests on

  • Fuel metabolism in starvation, by Cahill GF Jr. In Annu Rev Nutr 2006;26:1–22. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258
  • Anton SD and colleagues. Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding fasting's health benefits and applying them. In Obesity 2018;26:254–268. doi.org/10.1002/oby.22065
  • Wilhelmi de Toledo F and colleagues. An observational study of 1422 subjects tracked safety, health improvement and well-being over a 4 to 21-day fasting period. PLoS One 2019;14:e0209353, at doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209353
  • Volek and Phinney 2011: the nutritional ketosis line at 0.5 mmol/L.
  • Anderson 2015, in Obesity 23:2327, compares breath acetone with blood ketones.
  • The glucose ketone index and the zones it defines: Meidenbauer 2015, Nutr Metab 12:12.
  • Stubbs BJ and colleagues. How the body handles exogenous ketones in humans. In Front Physiol 2017;8:848. doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00848
  • Umpierrez GE and coauthors. A consensus report on hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes. In Diabetes Care 2024. doi.org/10.2337/dci24-0032
  • By Glaser N and colleagues. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022 cover diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. In Pediatr Diabetes 2022. doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13406
  • Mifflin and St Jeor 1990 gave the resting energy equation used in the keto calculator.

Food information

For each page, we work out net carbs per serving from USDA FoodData Central data. We use SR Legacy and Foundation Foods, taking total carbohydrate less dietary fiber for the serving named there.

Products

Calories, caffeine, sodium, prices and grams of ketones all come from the product and label pages each manufacturer publishes. To get price per gram, divide the one-time pack price by servings and grams.

Review

These pages are not yet signed by a named medical reviewer. Nothing here takes the place of a clinician.

Corrections

If you have a correction and its source, send it to contact@ketones.fyi. When a number is fixed, it changes everywhere at the same time.